Rynek Główny, Kraków

Rynek Główny is Kraków’s historic Main Market Square, first set out in 1257 as the city’s commercial heart. Covering almost four hectares, it is among Europe’s largest medieval market squares. The Cloth Hall occupies the centre: its present Renaissance form dates from a rebuilding after the fire of 1555, and carved faces run along its decorative parapet.

Nearby, the Town Hall Tower is all that remains of a town hall demolished in 1820; St Adalbert’s Church predates the square itself. This open space was once far more crowded with stalls, weigh houses and civic buildings. Trade made it prosperous, but royal spectacle and violence also belonged here.

In 1525, Duke Albert of Prussia made his formal submission to King Sigismund the Old on this square. On the twenty-fourth of March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko launched the uprising that bears his name here. During the Nazi occupation, the square was renamed Adolf Hitler Square and the Mickiewicz monument was destroyed; after the war, the monument returned. Since 1978, the square has formed part of Kraków’s UNESCO-listed Old Town.